Wheat precursors {wild grain} grew like grass.
Potters hand-formed and sun-dried pottery.
Wheat precursors grew like grass {wild grain gathering}.
Natural copper {copper bead} needed no smelting.
Phoenicians traveled Mediterranean Sea {sea trading}.
Barley is native to Near East.
Dog domestication did not include breeding.
Olive is native to Middle East.
Plants {pea, cultivation} can be native to Middle East.
Agriculture began in Fertile Crescent from Nile River mouth to Caspian Sea. Wild barley, emmer wheat, and grasses grew on lightly wooded hills.
Animals {goat, herding} can be native to Iraq.
Animals {sheep, herding} can be native to Iraq.
male and female gods {fertility cult}.
People gathered, threshed, and hand ground precursors to wheat {grain grinding}.
People stored precursors to wheat and kept them dry {grain storage}.
Natufian culture baked unleavened bread {bread}.
Plants {chickpea} can be native to Turkey.
Natural copper needs no smelting {copper, use}.
Honey fermented naturally.
Pig is native to Mesopotamia.
Plants {flax, cultivation} grew near Red Sea and Black Sea.
Copper hammering spread to Cyprus and Aegean Sea.
Planting and cultivating went from Near East to Nile Valley and west Europe. Wheat, barley, pea, and lentil farms {farming, beginning} were in cleared areas.
wood planks with sealant {boat}.
Animals {cat domestication} had domestication, but no breeding.
Sedges {chufa} can have small edible tubers and be native to Egypt.
Cows are native to Mesopotamia.
River water ran in channels to fields.
Plants {sycamore fig} can be native to Egypt.
Barley came from Middle East.
Melting copper ore extracts copper, and melting and cooling copper strengthens it {copper, annealing}.
Plants {wheat, development} developed from wheat precursors.
Hammered gold can make jewelry {gold jewelry} or money.
Egyptian solar calendar {calendar, Egypt} had 12 months of thirty days, with five extra days. 10-day periods had constellations {decan}. 12 decans were in the sky at Nile-River annual flooding, marking 12 hours {temporal hour}.
Poppies are native to Sumer {opium production}.
Plants {fig cultivation} can be native to Middle East.
Curved bows {reflex bow} began.
Pointer shadow shows time of day.
Towns {walled town} became fortified with walls.
People folded documents and sealed them with wax {wax seal}.
Meteorite smelting can make alloy {nickel-iron}.
Botai domesticated and rode horses {horse domestication}.
Black-Sea area had potter's wheels {wheel}, solid three-plank wood wheels, and axles.
Picture writing began.
Bronze has copper and tin.
People can make drinks {alcohol, invented} from fermented barley.
Plants {apple, cultivation} can be native to Sumer.
Rounded parts {arch} can curve from column to keystone.
Animals {ass, domestication} can carry loads.
Alcohol can come from fermented barley.
Reeds soaked in tallow {rushlight} can burn at tip. Later, Romans used wicks rolled in tallow and possibly beeswax {candle} [-3000].
Plants {date, cultivation} can be native to Sumer.
Plants {flax, Sumer} can be native to Sumer.
Plants {grape, cultivation} can be native to Sumer.
Millet is native to Sumer.
Asia had draft-animal domestication {onager}, but Americas had no such domestication.
Asia had draft-animal domestication {ox domestication}, but Americas had no such domestication.
Paper {papyrus}| can use stripped and crossed reeds and have sheets pasted at edges to make scrolls.
Crook plow developed from hoe. Spade plow developed from digging stick. Men plowed, but women used hoe or digging stick. Early sub-Saharan Africa and New World had no plows. Plows improve soil fertility by bringing up buried nutrients, and they control weeds. People, oxen, horses, or cattle can pull plows. Animals produce manure to make ground more fertile.
Wooden plows, pulled through ground, broke soil surface, so seeds went underground.
Plants {plum, cultivation} can be native to Sumer.
Sesame is native to Sumer.
Wheat came from Egypt.
People used natural glass pieces, with no sand melting.
Groups built houses {stone temple} of worship to local gods.
Bronze has copper and tin.
Iron smelting began.
two vertical supports and horizontal beam {post-and-lintel}.
Square sails {square-rigged sail} turned on mast.
Wine can come from fermented fruit.
Life after death needed a body, so embalming began {mummification}.
Bronze and brass {metal alloy} began.
Metal heating and cooling {metal annealing} strengthens it.
Melted iron hardened in sand molds {metal casting}.
Melted metals can stick together {metal joining}.
Heating metal ore {smelting metal} can extract metal.
Pounding metal {work hardening} can make it stronger.
Heating surface asphalt can remove petroleum.
Pictograms pressed into clay with reed showed human processions, heroes fighting two beasts, and war.
Precious metal was in coins {silver ingots for money}.
two wheels and horses pull it.
Strong metal {iron from ore} came from Egypt.
Beer can come from fermented barley.
Alloys {brass} can have copper and zinc.
Metal coins had images.
Melted sand cooled to glass {glass bowl}.
People and animals turned wheels to move water.
Traders went all over Middle East {merchant travel}.
Cinnabar can separate into mercury {mercury} and sulfur by heating.
Pewter is tin with some lead.
Tin and lead {solder} melts easily and can join metal pieces.
Twisted plant fibers {spinning} can make string.
Cinnabar can separate into mercury and sulfur by heating.
Aqueduct carried water to palace.
Aqueducts {shadoof} were for irrigation.
Letters {alphabet, Phoenicia} can be sounds, with no pictures.
A waterway {canal} went from Nile River to Arabian Gulf.
Large boats {ship} began.
Camel is native to Arabia.
Linear measurements {linear measurement} began.
Assyria used base-60 number system and positional notation. Arithmetic included multiplication and division. Fractions and ratios included common denominator. They found squares, cubes, and square roots.
Iron mixed with carbon at high heat can make steel. Steel is stronger and rusts less than iron.
Ships {ships with sealed decks} had wood planks with sealant.
Water or alcohol can extract plant pigments {dye from plant}.
Oil with pigment {enamel, oil} can bake on surfaces.
Melted glass can have pigment {glass tinting}.
Gold can mix with other metals {gold fusion}.
Squeezing or heating plants can extract oil {oil extraction from plant}.
They knew Sun, moon, and planet paths and predicted lunar eclipses.
Babylonians studied triangle geometry and gave circle 360 degrees {triangle and circle geometry}.
Babylonians calculated mathematics tables {mathematics tables} for arithmetic.
Babylonia divided day into time units {sixty-minute hour}.
Assyrians used mathematical astronomy to measure azimuth.
Lunar calendar {calendar, Assyria} had 12 months.
Iron tools {iron tools} began.
Metal discs {coin} had images.
Domesticated cows, sheep, and goats make milk that can ferment {cheese}.
Wine can come from fermented grapes.
Monks smuggled silkworms to Constantinople from China {silkworm smuggling}.
Byzantine army used flammable liquid {Greek fire}, first in battle of Cyzicus [673] during reign of Constantine Pogonatus [648 to 685].
Pressed roses form perfume {perfume}.
Soap is animal fat mixed with lye.
Processing plants can extract sugar with water {sugar refining}.
6-History-History-Invention-Asia
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Date Modified: 2022.0225